The Second Horseman: Medieval Rus Warrior Burials Discovered in Russia
Recent excavations at the Gnezdilovo burial ground, near the historic town of Suzdal in Russia, are offering fresh insights into the region's early medieval history. Led by the Suzdal expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Historical Museum, this multi-year dig has uncovered a wealth of information about the people who lived and died in North-Eastern Rus' over a millennium ago. The discovery of intact burial sites and a trove of artifacts, including weapons and equestrian equipment, sheds new light on the social and cultural dynamics of this critical period in Russian history.
Rediscovering Gnezdilovo: Unplowed History Unveiled
According to the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences report, the Gnezdilovo burial ground, was first partially explored in 1851 by A.S. Uvarov, and was long believed to have been fully excavated. However, the recent Suzdal expedition has revealed that much of the site remained untouched, with many burial mounds overlooked due to plowing that had rendered them nearly invisible.
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Aerial view of the Gnezdilovo burial ground near Suzdal. General view of excavations. (Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences)
Over the past four years, a comprehensive geophysical survey has mapped the entire necropolis, spanning approximately 3 hectares (7.4 acres), revealing its intricate spatial structure. To date, around 50 undisturbed burials have been meticulously excavated, alongside hundreds of medieval objects unearthed from sites disturbed by agricultural activity.
The significance of Gnezdilovo lies not only in its scope but also in the quality and variety of the artifacts found. The site includes burials dating back to the 11th century AD, a period of considerable importance in the formation of the Russian state.
The artifacts discovered, including jewelry, coins, and weapons, provide a glimpse into the lives of the region's elite, highlighting the complex social hierarchies and cultural influences at play during the early days of Suzdal's prominence.
The Axes of War and Symbols of Status
The 2024 excavation season has focused on two key areas of the burial ground: the central part, where melted fragments of 10th-century jewelry indicate the presence of cremation burials, and the northeastern section, which has yielded undisturbed 11th-century burials, some of which contain male remains alongside battle axes—a clear indicator of their warrior status. The discoveries include three large burial mounds with male remains interred in pits over 3 meters (10 feet) in length, showcasing complex burial structures.
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Gnezdilovo Cemetery. Burial 59, included a battle axe. (Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences)
One of the most fascinating finds is from Grave 59, where the remains of a man, estimated to be between 35 and 40 years old, were uncovered. Accompanying the body was a bronze lyre-shaped buckle, a knife, and a battle axe, the latter positioned near the feet of the deceased.
The type of axe found, characterized by a hammer-chop on the butt, was popular across Rus' in the 10th and 11th centuries, particularly in regions like Volga Bulgaria and among the Mordvins and Muroms. The presence of such weapons in North-Eastern Rus' underscores the region's connections to neighboring cultures and the importance of martial prowess within its social structure.
A Warrior and His Horse: A Rare Equine Burial
An even more remarkable discovery comes from Grave 49, which has been dubbed "the second horseman" due to the presence of equestrian equipment alongside the remains of a man aged 25 to 30. The burial pit, measuring 3.7 by 1.6 meters (12.1 by 5.2 feet), contained an elaborate wooden structure assembled without the use of nails, further indicating the high status of the individual interred there.
In addition to a bronze lyre-shaped buckle and iron belt separator rings, the grave contained a knife with remnants of a sheath, a battle axe, and an array of equestrian gear, including iron bits, stirrups, and a girth buckle.
The inclusion of equestrian equipment is particularly unusual in Old Russian burials, making this find exceedingly rare. Across the entire history of archaeological exploration in North-Eastern Rus', only 15 burials with stirrups have been documented, two of which have now been uncovered at Gnezdilovo.
Battle axee, stirrups and lock from burial 49. (Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences)
The significance of these items, combined with the size and complexity of the burial structure, suggests that the man buried here was not only a warrior but also someone of considerable rank, possibly a leader or a member of the local elite with strong ties to horse culture—a tradition likely influenced by the neighboring nomadic peoples.
Gnezdilovo: A Window into the Past
The ongoing excavations at Gnezdilovo are augmenting our understanding of the early medieval period in North-Eastern Rus'. The burial ground's wealth of artifacts, especially those related to warfare and social status, provides a unique window into the lives of the region's inhabitants during a formative period in Russian history.
Top image: Medieval battle axe head recovered at the Gnezdilovo burial ground, Suzdal, Russia. Source: Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
