Who Were Germany’s Teutonic Knights? (Video)
The Teutonic Knights, a German-origin crusading order, are often misunderstood and erroneously linked to German nationalism. Their history diverges significantly from the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar, focusing primarily on battles against European pagans rather than Islamic forces. Initially established in 1118 as caretakers in Jerusalem, the order transformed into a military force under the Holy Roman Empire’s support.
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The 13th century saw their shift to Eastern Europe. Invited by King Andrew II of Hungary, the knights combated the Cumans in Transylvania but were later expelled due to growing tensions. They then engaged in a brutal campaign against the Prussian pagans, establishing their influence in the region despite fierce resistance and periodic setbacks, such as the Battle on the Ice against Russian forces led by Alexander Nevsky.
By 1260, renewed Prussian revolts and defeats nearly collapsed the order, yet they persisted, often enlisting local mercenaries. The fall of Acre in 1291 marked their return focus to Eastern Europe, leading to significant conflicts with Poland and Lithuania. The decisive defeat at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 marked the beginning of their decline.
In the 16th century, the order was secularized in Prussia and Livonia, gradually losing territory until Napoleon dissolved it in 1809. Despite these setbacks, the Teutonic Order persisted as a charitable organization, surviving even the dissolution by Hitler. Today, it continues its legacy as a religious and charitable institution.
Top image: The Battle of Grunwald, by Jan Matejko Source: Public Domain
